Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations Anti-erosion technologies and technical means for tillage in the conditions of Uzbekistan

In the article, it is shown the necessity of the development of anti-erosion moisture-saving technical means of soil cultivation in the conditions of Uzbekistan. New technologies and technical means of soil cultivation are presented, contributing to the prevention of water erosion, the preservation and the accumulation of moisture in the arable layer.

In the article, it is shown the necessity of the development of anti-erosion moisture-saving technical means of soil cultivation in the conditions of Uzbekistan. New technologies and technical means of soil cultivation are presented, contributing to the prevention of water erosion, the preservation and the accumulation of moisture in the arable layer. Показана необходимость разработки противоэрозионных влагосберегающих технических средств обработки почвы в условиях Узбекистана. Приведены новые технологии и технические средства обработки почвы, способствующие предотвращению водной эрозии, сохранению и накоплению влаги в пахотном слое.

INTRODUCTION
The soil and climatic conditions of Uzbekistan make it possible to obtain highquality crop products. However, the lack of soil moisture and the unstable nature of moisture constrain the growth of agricultural production, especially in rainfed agriculture. A feature of the climate is a low amount of precipitation, frequent recurrence of long periods without rain (droughts), and strong hot winds that systematically occur at low relative humidity and high air temperatures. The deficit of productive moisture is caused not only by the lack of atmospheric precipitation but also by their irrational use.
It should be recognized that the existing system of machines for plant growing, created mainly for optimal soil and climatic conditions, does not meet the requirements for the most complete accumulation and conservation of soil moisture. As a result, more than 70% of the cultivated area in Uzbekistan is, to one degree or another, subject to water erosion. Water erosion is strongly manifested on slopes with finely cultivated soil, especially during heavy rains [14][15][16][17].
In the system of agrotechnical methods, the main moisture-saving role is assigned to methods of soil cultivation, which should ensure the most complete accumulation of moisture from atmospheric precipitation in the root layer and prevent its evaporation through the treated soil layer. Therefore,to prevent water runoff and soil washout it is necessary to apply special anti-erosion soil cultivation technologies [6][7][8][9][14][15][16].
The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need for the development and implementation of anti-erosion technologies and technical means for soil cultivation in Uzbekistan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis, and statistics were used in this study.

RESEARCH RESULTS
It is known that one of the most effective moisture-saving technologies is loosening the topsoil while preserving stubble and other crop residues on its surface. Such a wellloosened soil layer mulched with plant residues prevents capillary evaporation of moisture from the underlying layers and allows more preservation of residual soil moisture reserves. A moisture-protective layer in an ideal form can be created by a tillage cutter that performs fine crumbling loosening of the soil, complete cutting of weeds, embedding their seeds, as well as good crushing of plant residues.
The most realistic and quite effective technology is loosening the topsoil with crushing plant residues with a simultaneous loosening of the arable layer and rolling. The combination of these operations can be carried out with a combined tool (Fig. 1a), consisting of active working bodies in the form of a cutter, flat-cutting working bodies, and a support-leveling roller installed behind them. The latter provides additional crumbling, pressing stubble to the soil surface, leveling, and compaction of the loosened soil layer. The combination of the work of the roller and flat-cutting bodies improves their stability at a small depth. After the passage of such a combined plow-ripper, 85-95% of plant residues remain on the soil surface, which significantly reduces the evaporation of soil moisture [3,8,15].
Ripper-plow [17, 18], equipped with 1 and 2 different-sized working bodies of the "paraplow" type (Fig. 1b). When the cultivator is working, the bottom of the cultivated field is stepped, which allows the retention and accumulation of soil moisture and the elimination of subsurface erosion on sloping lands. Depending on the steepness of the slope, the distance between the cut grooves can be changed by placing the lower working bodies 2 through several upper working bodies 1. If necessary, the working bodies 2 with a higher height can be equipped with dumps 3 [18]. When such a tool is operating on slopes, a stepped bottom of the furrow with a periodic deepening (subsoil ridges), intersecting the compacted bottom and surface ridges, is obtained (Fig. 1c). Fig. 1. Schemes of tools for the implementation of moisture-saving technologies: a) a ripper with active and passive working bodies; b) a two-level plow-ripper with moldboard and moldboardless working bodies of the "paraplow" type; c) cross-section of a field processed by a two-tier ripper plow with moldboard and moldboardless working bodies; d) a plow for stepped plowing.
In the developed plow for smooth-stepped plowing [1][2][3], bodies 1 and 3 are located with an offset relative to each other, on which guide plates 2 and 4 are installed with working surfaces facing the screw plowshare-moldboard surfaces of the bodies (Fig. 1, d).
Even bodies 3 are made with a greater height H1 and a capture width b1, and an odd body 1 with a lower height H and a capture width b. The capture width of the even body 3 is equal to b1 = b + K (H1-H), where H is the height of the odd bodies; H1 -the height of the even buildings; K is a coefficient that takes into account the ratio of the width of the body to the depth of processing.
The length of the guide plate 4 of the even bodies 3 is less than the length of the guide plate 2 of the odd bodies 1 by 0.25L, i.e. L1 = 0.75L, where L is the length of the guide plate of the odd body.
When the plow is working across the slope, the body 1 with a lower height H and a working width b, penetrating the soil, separates a layer of thickness a1 from the bottom of the furrow and, interacting with the guide plate 2, wraps it 180° into its furrow. Then, the housing 3 with a greater height H1 and a working width b1 separates the layer with a thickness of a2 from the bottom of the furrow and, interacting with the short guide plate 4, wraps it by 135°. After the passage of the plow, a stepped bottom of the furrow and a ridged surface of arable land is formed. The combination of the stepped bottom of the furrow with the ridged surface of the arable land contributes to the retention of water and the exclusion of soil washout after heavy rainfall. FINDINGS 1) Protection of the soil of slopes from wind and water erosion, improvement of quality indicators of basic tillage, reduction of its energy intensity can be achieved through the introduction of new technologies and technical means of soil cultivation.
2) Applications a ripper with active and passive working bodies, a two-tier plowripper with moldboard and plowless working bodies of the "paraplow" type, and a plow for smooth-step plowing help prevent water erosion, preserve and accumulate moisture in the soil.