Jahon tilshunosligida evfemizmlar: tarjima qilish va tasniflash masalalari

Euphemisms, as integral lexical-semantic units of language, play a crucial role as indicators of communicative and cultural norms. This study investigates the problem of interpretation and classification of euphemisms within global linguistic content. The research is motivated by the need for a unified, cross-linguistic framework that can account for the semantic, pragmatic, and socio-cultural dimensions of euphemistic expressions. The primary objective is to propose a multifactorial classification model that moves beyond traditional, often fragmented, typologies. The methodology is based on a systematic qualitative analysis of existing linguistic literature and case studies from diverse languages, including English, Russian, and Uzbek. The analysis focuses on the functional, thematic, and structural mechanisms of euphemism formation. The results culminate in a novel, integrated classification system that categorizes euphemisms along four primary axes: 1) Functional-Pragmatic (taboo avoidance, politeness, concealment, manipulation); 2) Thematic (death, bodily functions, social relations, politics, profession); 3) Structural-Semantic (metaphor, metonymy, circumlocution, borrowing, abbreviation); and 4) Degree of Conventionalization (stable vs. ad-hoc). This model demonstrates that euphemisms are not merely substitutive lexemes but complex signs deeply embedded in the axiological system of a culture, reflecting its moral codes, ethical rules, and national values. The discussion contends that this holistic approach addresses the limitations of previous classifications by simultaneously considering the motivation, form, and function of euphemisms, thereby offering a more robust tool for comparative and cross-cultural linguistic analysis. The study concludes that the interpretation of euphemisms is inherently tied to their classification, and a multidimensional framework is essential for understanding their role in regulating communicative processes within a socio-cultural context.