DOI
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3663-vol3-iss5-pp82-88Keywords
COPD , systemic inflammation , oxidative stress , airway obstruction , pulmonary hypertension , inflammatory mediatorsAbstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation and a heightened lung inflammatory response. Systemic inflammation plays a crucial role in COPD pathogenesis, influencing disease progression and the development of comorbidities. This review explores the sequential stages of inflammation-driven pathological changes in COPD, from early airway alterations to advanced systemic effects. The disease process begins with chronic exposure to risk factors such as smoking, air pollution, and occupational hazards. This leads to increased mucus secretion and dysfunction of ciliated epithelial cells, which results in impaired mucociliary clearance and heightened susceptibility to infections. As inflammation persists, bronchial obstruction and airway remodeling occur, limiting airflow. Pulmonary hyperinflation and emphysema further exacerbate respiratory insufficiency by reducing elastic recoil and increasing the work of breathing. Future research should emphasize precision medicine approaches, biomarker identification, and novel anti-inflammatory therapies to mitigate disease progression and enhance patient outcomes.
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